Non-ionomeric silane crosslinked polyolefin golf ball layers

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to golf balls, and in particular, to golf balls having at least one portion formed from at least one non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefin materials that are formed in the presence of moisture or water during golf ball construction. The present invention also relates to methods of forming golf balls having at least one portion formed from at least one non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefin materials that are formed in the presence of moisture or water.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to golf balls, and in particular, to golf balls having at least one portion formed from at least one non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefin materials that are moisture cured during golf ball construction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional golf balls can be divided into several general classes: (a) solid golf balls having one or more layers, and (b) wound golf balls. Solid golf balls include one-piece balls, which are easy to construct and relatively inexpensive, but have poor playing characteristics and are thus generally limited for use as range balls. Two-piece balls are constructed with a generally solid core and a cover and are generally popular with recreational golfers because they are very durable and provide maximum distance. Balls having a two-piece construction are commonly formed of a polymeric core encased by a cover. Solid golf balls also include multi-layer golf balls that are comprised of a solid core of one or more layers and/or a cover of one or more layers. These balls are regarded as having an extended range of playing characteristics. These balls are generally easy to manufacture, but are regarded as having limited playing characteristics.

A variety of golf balls designed to provide a wide range of playing characteristics, i.e., the compression, velocity, “feel,” and spin, that can be optimized for various playing ability, are known in the prior art. In the past, many expert golfers prefer golf balls having balata covers because they provide a combination of distance, high spin rate, and control. However, balata is easily damaged in normal play and, thus, lacks the durability required by the average golfer. In contrast, amateur golfers generally prefer a solid, two-piece ball with an ionomer cover because it provides a desirable combination of distance and durability. Although ionomer covers are highly durable, they exhibit a hard “feel,” which many golfers find unacceptable, and a lower spin rate, making these balls more difficult to draw or fade. The differences in the spin rate can be attributed to the differences in the composition and construction to both the cover and the core.

Ionomeric and urethane covers currently dominate the golf ball market. However, there is a continuing need for a golf ball having desirable performance characteristics, such as durability, spin rate and feel, while having a low cost and ease of manufacture. The golf balls of the present invention provide such desirable performance characteristics and durability using novel compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a golf ball having a golf ball component comprised of at least one non-ionomeric silane-crosslinked polyolefin, wherein the at least one non-ionomeric silane-crosslinked polyolefin is formed from contacting at least one silane-grafted polyolefin with moisture or water. In particular, the golf ball component is a core, an intermediate layer or a cover layer. Once the silane-grafted polyolefin is crosslinked, the resulting silane-crosslinked polyolefin is thermoset.

The silane-crosslinked polyolefin comprises a polyolefin selected from the group consisting of polymers, copolymers and terpolymers derived from C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer units, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, metallocene polyethylene, cross-linked polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene ethylacrylate copolymer, ethylene methylacrylate copolymer, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, rubber-toughened olefin polymers, non-neutralized acid copolymers, styrenelbutadiene/styrene block copolymers, styrene/ethylene-butadiene/styrene block copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetates, ethylene methyl acrylates, a metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin is formed from a polyolefin and at least one silane having at least one hydrolysable moiety and at least one vinyl group. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one silane has a formula of:

wherein R′ is a non-hydrolysable organofunctional group, X is a hydrolysable group, and n is 0-24. Preferably, R′ is a vinyl group and X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, and alkenyloxy. More preferably, X is an alkoxy represented by the formula RO—, and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group, and R³C(O)—, wherein R³ is a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group.

In one embodiment, the silane has the formula R′-(CH₂)_(n)SiX_(k)Q_(m) or [R′-(CH₂)_(n)]₂Si(X)_(p)Q_(q), wherein R′ is an unsaturated vinyl group; Q is selected from the group consisting of an isocyanate functionality, i.e., monomeric, biuret, or isocyanurate, a glycidyl, a halo group and —NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl group and a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkynyl group; X is a hydrolysable group; and n is 0-24, k is 1-3, m is 3-n, p is 1-2 and q is 2-p. Preferably, X is alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, and alkenyloxy.

Preferably, the vinyl group is represented by the formula:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group and a halo group, and wherein the substituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group and the substituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group is substituted with at least one C₁-C₆ alkyl group, halo group, amine, CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy group, or trihalomethane group.

Preferred silanes are selected from the group consisting of vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyldimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinylmethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyldiphenylchlorosilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinylsilane, (vinyl)(methyl)diethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinyl triphenylsilane, and (vinyl)(dimethyl)chlorosilane. The at least one silane is present from about 0.1 weight percent to about 100 weight percent of the polyolefin.

In one embodiment, the silane-grafted polyolefin is formed from a polyolefin and at least one silane having at least one hydrolysable moiety and at least one vinyl group in the presence of a free radical source selected from the group consisting of di-tert-amyl peroxide, di(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene peroxide or α,α-bis (tert-butylperoxy) diisopropylbenzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl hexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, lauryl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and a mixture thereof. Typically, the free radical source is present from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane. In another embodiment, the silane-crosslinked polyolefin is formed from contacting at least one silane-grafted polyolefin with moisture or water in the presence of a crosslinking catalyst, wherein the crosslinking catalyst is a tin catalyst.

In one embodiment, the crosslinking catalyst is present in an amount from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin. Preferably, the crosslinking catalyst is a tin catalyst is selected from the group consisting of alkyltin oxides, tin carboxylates, alkyltin carboxylates and a mixture thereof.

In one embodiment, the core has a diameter of from about 1.200 inches to about 1.630 inches and the cover has a thickness from about 0.02 inches to about 0.35 inches. In another embodiment, the core has a hardness of from about 50 Shore A to 90 Shore D, the intermediate layer has a hardness of from about 30 Shore D to about 90 Shore D, and the cover has a hardness of from about 20 Shore A to about 70 Shore D. In yet another embodiment, the golf ball has a coefficient of restitution of about 0.7 or more.

The present invention is also directed to a golf ball comprising a core; a cover disposed about the core; and optionally an intermediate layer disposed between the core and the cover, wherein at least one of the core, cover or optional intermediate layer comprises at least one silane-crosslinked polyolefin. Preferably, the at least one silane-crosslinked polyolefin is formed from contacting at least one silane-grafted polyolefin with moisture or water. In one embodiment, the silane-crosslinked polyolefin comprises a polyolefin selected from the group consisting of polymers, copolymers and terpolymers derived from C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer units, or a mixture thereof. Typically, the silane-crosslinked polyolefin is thermoset.

The present invention also encompasses a method of forming a golf ball component comprising the steps of: providing at least one silane-grafted polyolefin; forming the golf ball component comprising the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin; contacting the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin, moisture or water, and a crosslinking catalyst to form a silane-crosslinked polyolefin. Preferably, the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin is formed by contacting one or more polyolefins or one or more polyolefins polymerized using a metallocene catalyst; at least one silane having at least one hydrolysable moiety and at least one vinyl group; and free radical initiator; or contacting at least one C₁-C₁₂ monomer of a polyolefin, at least one silane having at least one hydrolysable moiety and at least one vinyl group, and optionally a metallocene catalyst or free radical source. Preferably, the at least one C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer unit is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, isopentene, neopentene, hexene, heptene, octene, norbornene, monomers of acid copolymers that do not become part of an ionomeric copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment of the method, the at least one silane has a formula of:

wherein X is a hydrolysable group, and n is 0-24; wherein R′ is a vinyl group represented by the formula:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group and a halo group; and wherein the substituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group and the substituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group is substituted with at least one C₁-C₆ alkyl group, halo group, amine, CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy group, or trihalomethane group. In a preferred embodiment of the method, X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, and alkenyloxy.

In another preferred embodiment of the method, the free radical initiator is selected from the group consisting of di-tert-amyl peroxide, di(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene peroxide or α,α-bis (tert-butylperoxy) diisopropylbenzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl hexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, lauryl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and a mixture thereof, wherein the free radical source is present from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane; and wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, metallocene polyethylene, cross-linked polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene ethylacrylate copolymer, ethylene methylacrylate copolymer, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, rubber-toughened olefin polymers, non-neutralized acid copolymers, styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymers; styrene/ethylene-butadiene/styrene block copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetates, ethylene methyl acrylates, a metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin and mixtures thereof.

In a preferred embodiment of the method, the golf ball component is a core layer, an intermediate layer, or a cover layer and is formed by injection molding or compression molding the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin. In another preferred embodiment of the method, the crosslinking catalyst is a tin catalyst, wherein the tin catalyst selected from the group consisting of an alkyltin oxide, a tin carboxylate, an alkyltin carboxylate, and mixtures thereof and wherein the crosslinking catalyst is present in amounts from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin.

In a preferred embodiment of the method, the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin is contacted with moisture at from about 30% to 100% relative humidity and at a temperature between about 20° C. to about 100° C. for a time sufficient to substantially complete the crosslinking between the silane-grafted polyolefins. Preferably, the relative humidity is between about 50% to about 80% and the time is between about 30 minutes to about 24 hours. In another embodiment, the golf ball component is formed by injection molding or compression molding.

The present invention also encompasses a method of forming a golf ball component comprising the steps of: contacting at least one silane, at least one polyolefin, at least one free radical initiator, at least one crosslinking catalyst, and water or moisture to form a reaction mixture; and forming the golf ball component comprising the reaction mixture. Preferably, the reaction mixture forms at least one silane-grafted polyolefin that is crosslinked.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to one-piece golf balls, two-piece golf balls, or multilayer golf balls having a center, at least one intermediate layer disposed concentrically adjacent to the center, and a cover. The invention also relates to golf balls having a double core, a multi-layer core, a double cover, a multi-layer cover or more than one intermediate layer. At least one portion of the golf ball, i.e., one of the center, cover(s), or intermediate layer(s), comprises at least one non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefin.

The present invention relates to the use of at least one non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefin in golf ball layers or components, including covers, cores, and intermediate layers. As used herein, the term “polyolefin” refers to polyolefin homopolymers, polyolefin copolymers, polymers containing three or more different olefins, and mixtures thereof. The present invention further relates to a golf ball having at least one layer in at least one of cover layer, core or core layer, or one or more optional intermediate layers, where the layer is formed from a composition comprising at least one non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefin.

Compositions of the Invention

In particular, the compositions of the present invention can be formed by grafting one or more silanes to one or more polyolefins to form a silane-grafted polyolefin, and the silane-grafted polyolefin is further crosslinked in the presence of water or moisture. Alternatively, the compositions of the present invention can be formed by copolymerizing one or more silanes with one or more monomers of the polyolefins to form a silane-grafted polyolefin, preferably in the presence of a catalyst such as a peroxide, and the silane-grafted polyolefin is further crosslinked in the presence of water or moisture. The present invention is advantageous over other typical methods of crosslinking polyolefins, such as by peroxide or irradiation, because it avoids the problems associated with these other typical methods. In particular, water or moisture cure/crosslinking avoids: limitations in the types of additives that can be utilized (antioxidants cannot be added to peroxide-crosslinked polyolefins); the high cost of installing and operating equipment; low outputs; the use of radiation; and hazardous operating conditions and advantageously provides: easy control of crosslinking density; and greater uniformity of cure or crosslinking throughput. Typically, the silane-crosslinked polyolefins are formed by applying reactants to a golf ball or golf ball precursor and then reacting the reactants to form the silane-crosslinked polyolefin layer.

Many thermoplastic polymers, such as various polyolefins, possess desirable properties, such as excellent elasticity and thermal stability, toughness, low temperature ductility, UV resistance and recyclability, but they are not suitable for high temperature applications due to loss of certain critical physical properties. For example, polyolefins such as polyethylene will soften and flow, and lose such critical physical properties at elevated temperatures and thereby limiting its use. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, crosslinking changes such polyolefin polymers from thermoplastic to thermoset to give a non-melting, more durable polymer having desirable properties, such as increasing environmental stress cracking resistance, and heat resistance, environmental stress crack resistance, creep resistance and abrasion resistance.

The non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention are partially or completely crosslinked by water or moisture cure of silane moieties that are grafted onto polyolefins. One or more polyolefins can be the base material of the non-ionomeric, silane-crosslinked polyolefins and can be any polyolefin known to the skilled artisan. In particular, the polyolefin includes, but is not limited to, polymers, copolymers and terpolymers derived from C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer units in all their isomeric forms, or mixtures thereof, and includes, for example, monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, isopentene, neopentene, hexene, heptene, octene, norbornene, and the like, as well as rubber-toughened olefin polymers, acid copolymers that do not become part of an ionomeric copolymer, and thermoplastic elastomers such as SBS (styrene/butadiene/styrene) or SEBS (styrene/ethylene-butadiene/styrene) block copolymers, including KRATON® (Shell), dynamically vulcanized elastomers such as SANTOPRENE® (Monsanto), ethylene vinyl acetates such as ELVAX® (DuPont), and ethylene methyl acrylates such as OPTEMA® (Exxon), and the like, and mixtures thereof. Accordingly, the polyolefins include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polypentene, polyhexene, polyheptene, polyoctene, or polynorbornene. In one embodiment, the non-ionomeric polyolefins can be mixed with ionomers known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the polyolefin is polyethylene. Preferably, the polyethylene is selected from the group consisting of a low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, metallocene polyethylene, cross-linked polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene ethylacrylate copolymer, ethylene methylacrylate copolymer, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the polyolefins are made by a metallocene catalyst, such as EXACT® material available from EXXON. As used herein, the term “metallocene catalyzed polymer” refers to any polymer, copolymer or terpolymer, and, in particular, any polyolefin, polymerized using a metallocene catalyst. Such metallocene-catalyzed polyolefins include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene and copolymers such as ethylene methylacrylate, ethylene ethylacrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methacrylic or ethylene acrylic acid or propylene acrylic acid and copolymers and homopolymers produced by contacting the appropriate monomer or monomers with a single-site catalyst or a metallocene catalyst.

The silanes of the present invention have at least one hydrolysable moiety, such as an alkoxy or carboxy group, and at least one vinyl group. The vinyl group enables the silane to be grafted onto the polyolefin and the hydrolysable moiety provide the crosslinking site. In one embodiment, the silanes further include at least one amino group, isocyanate functional group, glycidyl group, or a mixture thereof. Such additional groups allow for adhesional and performance modifications.

Preferred silanes include, but are not limited to, compounds having the formula:

wherein R′ is a non-hydrolysable organofunctional group, X is a hydrolysable group, and n is 0-24. The non-hydrolysable organofunctional group typically can link (either by forming a covalent or by another binding mechanism, such as hydrogen bond) to a polymer, such as a polyolefin, thereby attaching the silane to the polymer. R′ is preferably a vinyl group. X is preferably alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, alkenyloxy group, and the like. Preferably, X is an alkoxy, RO—, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group, and R³C(O)—, wherein R³ is a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group. Typically, the silane can be linked to the polymer in one of two ways: by reaction of the silane to the finished polymer or copolymerizing the silane with the polymer precursors.

In another embodiment, the silane has the formula R′-(CH₂)_(n)SiX_(k)Q_(m) or [R′-(CH₂)_(n)]₂Si(X)_(p)Q_(q), wherein R′ is an unsaturated vinyl group; Q is selected from the group consisting of an isocyanate functionality, i.e., a monomer, a biuret, or an isocyanurate; a glycidyl, a halo group and —NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl group and a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkynyl group; X is a hydrolysable group; and n is 0-24, k is 1-3, m is 3-n, p is 1-2 and q is 2-p. X is preferably alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, alkenyloxy group, and the like. Preferably, the halo group is fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo and is preferably chloro.

In a preferred embodiment, the unsaturated vinyl group A is represented by the formula:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group and a halo group. Preferred halo groups include F, Cl or Br. The C₁-C₈ alkyl groups and the C₆-C₁₂ aromatic groups may be substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl groups, halo groups, such as F, Cl and Br, amines, CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy groups, trihalomethane, such as CF₃ or CCl₃, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, R¹, R², and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. More preferably, R¹, R², and R³ are each independently hydrogen or methyl.

Thus in a preferred embodiment, the silane is a vinyltrialkoxysilane, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyldimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinylmethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyldiphenylchlorosilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinylsilane, (vinyl)(methyl)diethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinyl triphenylsilane, and (vinyl)(dimethyl)chlorosilane.

The silanes of the present invention are present from about 0.1 weight percent to about 100 weight percent of the polyolefin. Typically, the silanes are present from about 0.5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the polyolefin, preferably from about 1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the polyolefin, more preferably from about 2 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of polyolefin and even more preferably from about 3 weight percent to about 5 weight percent. As used herein, all upper and lower limits of the ranges disclosed herein can be interchanged to form new ranges. Thus, the present invention also encompasses silane amounts of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of polyolefin, from about 1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of polyolefin, and even from 20 weight percent to about 50 weight percent.

Commercially available silanes for moisture crosslinking may be used to form golf ball components and golf balls. A nonlimiting example of a suitable silane is SILCAT® RHS Silane, a multi-component crosslinking system for use in moisture crosslinking of stabilized polyethylene or ethylene copolymers (available at Crompton Corporation, Middlebury, Conn.). IN addition, functionalized resin systems also may be used, such as SYNCURE®, which is a silane-grafted, moisture-crosslinkable polyethylene system available from PolyOne Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio, POLIDAN®, which is a silane-crosslinkable HDPE available from Solvay of Padanaplast, Italy, and VISICO™/AMBICA™, which is a polyethylene system that utilizes a non-tin catalyst in crosslinking available from Borealis of Denmark.

The present invention also is directed to a method of forming a golf ball having at least one golf ball component comprised of one or more silane-crosslinked polyolefins. In particular, the present invention is directed to a method of forming core layers, intermediate layers, or cover layers that are comprised of one or more silane-crosslinked polyolefins, wherein the silane-crosslinked polyolefins are comprised of one or more silane-grafted polyolefins. Especially preferred golf ball components are cover layers and intermediate layers.

Thus according to the present invention, the silane-grafted polyolefins can be formed by grafting one or more silanes onto one or more polyolefins and/or one or more polyolefins polymerized using a metallocene catalyst, and subsequently crosslinking the silane-grafted polyolefins by contacting the silane-grafted polyolefins with moisture or water to form the silane-crosslinked polyolefin. In the grafting step, at least one silane of the present invention is contacted with at least one polyolefin and/or metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin in the presence of a free radical source that acts as a grafting initiator. Typically, the reaction is carried out at a temperature that is greater than the decomposition temperature for the utilized peroxide, which is readily ascertainable by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Without wishing to be bound to any theory, the grafting step attaches the silane to the polyolefin via the vinyl group to form a silane-grafted polyolefin, as shown in the example equation below. R¹, R², R³, X, n and m are described hereinabove.

The silane-grafted polyolefins can be injection molded as a layer using methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, or formed into a cup (to be compression molded prior to final crosslinking) prior to being contacted with water or moisture for hydrolytic crosslinking.

In another embodiment, the silane-grafted polyolefins can be formed by polymerizing one or more silanes with one or more monomers of polyolefins, optionally in the presence of one or more metallocene catalysts and/or a free radical source, to form a silane-grafted polyolefin.

In an alternative embodiment, the silane-grafted polyolefins can be formed by grafting one or more silanes onto monomers of the polyolefins to form silane-grafted monomers, preferably in the presence of at least one free radical source as the grafting initiator; polymerizing the silane-grafted monomers, optionally in the presence of one or more metallocene catalysts, to form a silane-grafted polyolefin. In yet another embodiment, the silane-grafted monomers can be copolymerized with ungrafted monomers of polyolefins, i.e., polyolefin monomers that are not grafted with silane, to form a copolymer that contains silane-grafted copolymer units linked with ungrafted copolymer units.

Accordingly, silanes can be grafted by contacting one or more silanes of the present invention with C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer units, in all their isomeric forms, in the presence of at least one free radical source as a grafting initiator. Preferred C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer units include, for example, monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, isopentene, neopentene, hexene, heptene, octene, norbornene, and the like, as well as monomers of acid copolymers that do not become part of an ionomeric copolymer, and thermoplastic elastomers, such as SBS or SEBS block copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetates, ethylene methyl acrylates, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable free radical sources include organic peroxides, which facilitates grafting of the silane onto the polyolefin backbone. Examples of suitable peroxides are provided below:

In particular, suitable free-radical sources include organic peroxide compounds, such as di-tert-amyl peroxide, di(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene peroxide or α,α-bis (tert-butylperoxy) diisopropylbenzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl hexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, lauryl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and the like, and any mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the free radical sources is a hydrogen-abstracting peroxides.

The free radical source may be present in an amount greater than about 0.1 parts per hundred of the total silane component, preferably about 0.1 to about 15 parts per hundred of the total silane component, and more preferably about 0.2 to about 5 parts per hundred of the total silane component, and most preferably between about 0.3 to about 2 parts per hundred of the total silane component.

In one embodiment, the amount of free radical source is about 5 parts per hundred or less, but also may be about 3 parts per hundred or less. In another embodiment, the amount of free radical source is about 2.5 parts per hundred or less. In yet another embodiment, the amount of free radical source is about 2 parts per hundred or less. In still another embodiment, the amount of free radical source is about 1 parts per hundred or less preferably about 0.75 parts per hundred or less.

The silane-grafted polyolefins are contacted with moisture or water to form the silane-crosslinked polyolefin. In particular, the silane-grafted polyolefins contain one or more hydrolysable groups, which upon contact with moisture or water and optionally in the presence of a crosslinking catalyst, condenses and crosslinks other hydrolysable groups on adjacent grafted polyolefins. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, the hydrolysable groups of the silane-grafted polyolefins react with water to form a silane crosslink or siloxane that chemically links two or more adjacent silane-grafted polyolefins, as shown in the example equation below:

The addition of water to the silane grafted polyolefins hydrolyze the X groups to form a silanol intermediate, which can further condense to chemically link adjacent silanes.

In another embodiment, the hydrolysable groups of a silane-grafted polyolefin condense and crosslink with other hydrolysable groups on the same silane-grafted polyolefin molecule.

Any crosslinking catalyst that facilitates the condensation of the hydrolysable groups of the silane-grafted polyolefins known to one of ordinary skill in the art can be used. Particular crosslinking catalysts include, but are not limited to, tin catalysts, platinum catalysts, acid catalysts, and other non-tin catalysts, such as AMBICAT™ (available at Borealis, Denmark). Tin catalysts include alkyltin oxides, tin carboxylates, or alkyltin carboxylates. Preferred alkyltin oxides and alkyltin carboxylates are comprised of linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl groups. Preferred tin carboxylates and alkyltin carboxylates are comprised of C₁-C₂₄ carboxylate groups. Particularly preferred tin catalysts include tributyltin oxide, tributyltin laurate, dibutyltin dilaurate, and mixtures thereof.

Crosslinking catalysts are typically present in amounts from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin, preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin, more preferably from about 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin, and even more preferably from about 1 weight percent to about 3 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin.

The silane-grafted polyolefins typically are exposed to from about 30% to saturated (i.e., 100%) relative humidity, at a temperature between about 20° C. to about 100C for a time sufficient to substantially complete the crosslinking between the silane-grafted polyolefins.

In one embodiment, the relative humidity is between about 40% to about 90% relative humidity. In another embodiment, the relative humidity is between about 50% to about 80%. In yet another embodiment, the relative humidity is between about 60% to about 70%.

In one embodiment, the temperature at which the silane-grafted polyolefins are contacted with moisture or humidity is between about 30° C. to about 90° C. In other embodiments, the temperature at which the silane-grafted polyolefins are contacted with moisture or humidity is between about 40° C. to about 80° C., from about 50° C. to about 75° C. and even from about 60° C. to about 70° C. In another embodiment, the silane-grafted polyolefins are contacted with moisture or water in an autoclave at temperatures exceeding 100° C., including temperatures of up to 300° C. to 500° C.

Increasing the relative humidity and/or temperature accelerates the time required to substantially complete the crosslinking. For example, the silane-grafted polyolefins are contacted with moisture at 80% relative humidity at 70° C. for between about 30 minutes to about 3 hours to substantially complete crosslinking, while contact with moisture at 100% relative humidity at 70° C. would require between about 15 minutes and about 1 hour to substantially complete crosslinking. The crosslinking times and temperatures depend on the thickness and composition and is readily modified by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the silane crosslinked polyolefin golf ball layer is prepared in a one-step process, also known as the Monosil Process, as described in “Syncure™: Silane-Grafted Moisture-Crosslinkable Polyethylene,” Technical Service Report Number 66, PolyOne Corporation, October 2002. In particular, the silane grafting and crosslinking occurs during the fabrication of the golf ball layer. Thus, the silane, free radical initiator, polyolefin, catalyst, and optional antioxidants, are mixed to form a reaction mixture that directly is used to form the golf ball layer while contacting the reaction with water or moisture. For example, the reaction mixture can be directly used to injection or compression mold the golf ball layer.

In another embodiment, the silane crosslinked polyolefin golf ball layer is prepared in a two-step process, also known as the Sioplas Process, as described in “Syncure™: Silane-Grafted Moisture-Crosslinkable Polyethylene,” Technical Service Report Number 66, PolyOne Corporation, October 2002. In particular, the first step involves grafting the silane onto the polyolefin and comprises contacting the silane with the polyolefin in the presence of a free radical initiator. The second step involves crosslinking the silane-grafted polyolefin, which comprises contacting the silane-grafted polyolefin with a crosslinking catalyst and water or moisture and processing the crosslinked silane-grafted polyolefin into a golf ball layer.

Golf Ball Construction

Core Layer(s)

As used herein, the term “core” means the innermost portion of a golf ball, and may include one or more layers. When a multi-layer core is contemplated, the core is the innermost component with one or more additional core layers disposed thereon. At least a portion of the core, typically the center, is solid, semi-solid, hollow, powder-filled or fluid-filled. As used herein, the term “fluid” means a gas, liquid, gel, paste, or the like, or a combination thereof.

The core or at least one core layer may be composed of one or more silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention and formed using the methods described herein. When the core or at least one core layer is not comprised of the silane-crosslinked polyolefins, it is composed conventional materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used, including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials as discussed below. The one or more silane-crosslinked polyolefins also may be blended with conventional core materials.

Golf balls having a one-piece core or any portion of a multi-layer core may be formed from any core material suitable for use in golf balls that is known to one of ordinary skill in the art, as discussed below. Suitable core materials include thermoset materials, such as rubber, styrene butadiene, polybutadiene, including cis-polybutadiene, trans-polybutadiene, and blends thereof, as well as cis-to-trans converted polybutadiene, isoprene, polyisoprene, trans-isoprene, as well as thermoplastics, such as ionomer resins, polyamides or polyesters, and thermoplastic and thermoset polyurethane elastomers, and any mixture thereof. In addition, suitable core materials include polyurea compositions, as well as other conventional materials, such as compositions including a base rubber, a crosslinking agent, and a density adjusting filler. The base rubber may include natural or synthetic rubbers, as well as any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the base rubber is 1,4-polybutadiene having a cis-structure of at least about 40 percent, of which natural rubber, polyisoprene rubber and/or styrene-butadiene rubber may be added thereto. The core may also include one or more cis-to-trans catalyst and a free radical source, as well as a cis-to-trans catalyst accelerator and crosslinking agent, as described in copending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/437,386 and 10/437,387 (Attorney Docket Nos. 20002.0300 and 20002.0318), the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The core may also include a filler. Fillers added to one or more portions of the golf ball typically include processing aids or compounds to affect rheological and mixing properties, the specific gravity (i.e., density-modifying fillers), the modulus, the tear strength, reinforcement, and the like. The fillers are generally inorganic, and suitable fillers include numerous metals (including metal powders) or metal oxides, such as zinc oxide and tin oxide, as well as barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, clay, tungsten, tungsten carbide, an array of silicas, and mixtures thereof. Fillers may also include various foaming agents or blowing agents which may be readily selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. Foamed polymer blends may be formed by blending ceramic or glass microspheres with polymer material. Polymeric, ceramic, metal, and glass microspheres may be solid or hollow, and filled or unfilled. Fillers are typically also added to one or more portions of the golf ball to modify the density thereof to conform to uniform golf ball standards. Fillers may also be used to modify the weight of the center or at least one additional layer for specialty balls, e.g., a lower weight ball is preferred for a player having a low swing speed.

Additional materials conventionally included in golf ball compositions include, but are not limited to, density-adjusting fillers, coloring agents, reaction enhancers, whitening agents, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, and other conventional additives. Stabilizers, softening agents, plasticizers, including internal and external plasticizers, impact modifiers, foaming agents, excipients, reinforcing materials and compatibilizers can also be added to any composition of the invention. All of these materials, which are well known in the art, are added for their usual purpose in typical amounts.

For example, the fillers discussed above may be added to the conventional materials to affect Theological and mixing properties, the specific gravity (i.e., density-modifying fillers), the modulus, the tear strength, reinforcement, and the like. Fillers may also be used to modify the weight of the core, e.g., a lower weight ball is preferred for a player having a low swing speed.

The golf ball components may be formed using a variety of application techniques such as compression molding, flip molding, injection molding, retractable pin injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM), casting, vacuum forming, powder coating, flow coating, spin coating, dipping, spraying, and the like. A method of flip molding can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,255. A method of injection molding using a split vent pin can be found in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/742,435, filed Dec. 22, 2000, entitled “Split Vent Pin for Injection Molding.” Examples of retractable pin injection molding may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,129,881, 6,235,230, and 6,379,138. A method of molding components for multi-layer core golf balls may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,797. Each of these molding references are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein. In addition, a chilled chamber, i.e., a cooling jacket, such as the one disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/717,136, filed Nov. 22, 2000, entitled “Method of Making Golf Balls” may be used to cool the compositions of the invention when casting, which also allows for a higher loading of catalyst into the system.

Conventionally, compression molding and injection molding are applied to thermoplastic materials, whereas RIM, liquid injection molding, and casting are employed on thermoset materials. These and other manufacture methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,207,784, 5,334,673, 5,484,870, and 5,733,428, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The cores of the invention may be formed by any suitable method known to one of ordinary skill in art. When the cores are formed from a thermoset material, compression molded is a particularly suitable method of forming the core. In a thermoplastic core embodiment, on the other hand, the cores may be injection molded.

Suitable methods include single pass mixing (ingredients are added sequentially), multi-pass mixing, and the like. The crosslinking agent, and any other optional additives used to modify the characteristics of the golf ball center or additional layer(s), may similarly be combined by any type of mixing. Suitable mixing equipment is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and such equipment may include a Banbury mixer, a two-roll mill, or a twin screw extruder. Suitable mixing speeds and temperatures are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art, or may be readily determined without undue experimentation.

The mixture can be subjected to, e.g., a compression or injection molding process, and the molding cycle may have a single step of molding the mixture at a single temperature for a fixed-time duration. In one embodiment, a single-step cure cycle is employed. Although the curing time depends on the various materials selected, a suitable curing time is about 5 minutes to about 18 minutes, preferably from about 8 minutes to about 15 minutes, and more preferably from about 10 minutes to about 12 minutes. An example of a single step molding cycle, for a mixture that contains dicumyl peroxide, would hold the polymer mixture at 171° C. (340° F.) for a duration of 15 minutes. An example of a two-step molding cycle would be holding the mold at 143° C. (290° F.) for 40 minutes, then ramping the mold to 171° C. (340° F.) where it is held for a duration of 20 minutes. One of ordinary skill in the art will be readily able to adjust the curing time based on the particular materials used and the discussion herein.

Furthermore, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,180,040 and 6,180,722 disclose methods of preparing dual core golf balls. The entire disclosures of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

Intermediate Layer(s)

An “intermediate layer” (also known as inner layer or mantle layer) is defined herein as a portion of the golf ball that occupies a volume between the cover and the core. Such an intermediate layer may be distinguished from a cover or a core by some difference between the golf ball layers, e.g., hardness, compression, thickness, and the like. An intermediate layer may be used, if desired, with a multilayer cover or a multilayer core, or with both a multilayer cover and a multilayer core. Accordingly, an intermediate layer is also sometimes referred to in the art as an inner cover layer, as an outer core layer or as a mantle layer, i.e., any layer(s) disposed between the inner core and the outer cover of a golf ball, this layer may be incorporated, for example, with a single layer or a multilayer cover, with a one-piece core or a multilayer core, with both a single layer cover and core, or with both a multilayer cover and a multilayer core. As with the core, the intermediate layer may also include a plurality of layers. It will be appreciated that any number or type of intermediate layers may be used, as desired.

The intermediate layer may be comprised of silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention and formed using the methods described herein. When an intermediate layer is not comprised of the silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention, it is composed conventional materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used, including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials as discussed below. The one or more silane-crosslinked polyolefins also may be blended with conventional intermediate layer materials.

The intermediate layer typically is composed conventional materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used, including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials as discussed below.

The conventional intermediate layer can include any materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials. For example, the intermediate layer may also likewise include one or more homopolymeric or copolymeric materials, such as:

-   -   (1) Vinyl resins, such as those formed by the polymerization of         vinyl chloride, or by the copolymerization of vinyl chloride         with vinyl acetate, acrylic esters or vinylidene chloride;     -   (2) Polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene,         polybutylene and copolymers such as ethylene methylacrylate,         ethylene ethylacrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene         methacrylic or ethylene acrylic acid or propylene acrylic acid         and copolymers and homopolymers produced using a single-site         catalyst or a metallocene catalyst;     -   (3) Polyurethanes, such as those prepared from polyols and         diisocyanates or polyisocyanates and those disclosed in U.S.         Pat. No. 5,334,673;     -   (4) Polyureas, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.         5,484,870;     -   (5) Polyamides, such as poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and others         prepared from diamines and dibasic acids, as well as those from         amino acids such as poly(caprolactam), and blends of polyamides         with SURLYN, polyethylene, ethylene copolymers,         ethyl-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymer, and the like;     -   (6) Acrylic resins and blends of these resins with poly vinyl         chloride, elastomers, and the like;     -   (7) Thermoplastics, such as urethanes; olefinic thermoplastic         rubbers, such as blends of polyolefins with         ethylene-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymer; block         copolymers of styrene and butadiene, isoprene or         ethylene-butylene rubber; or copoly(ether-amide), such as PEBAX,         sold by Atofina Chemicals, Inc. of King of Prussia, Pa.;     -   (8) Polyphenylene oxide resins or blends of polyphenylene oxide         with high impact polystyrene as sold under the trademark NORYL         by General Electric Company of Pittsfield, Mass.;     -   (9) Thermoplastic polyesters, such as polyethylene         terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene         terephthalate/glycol modified and elastomers sold under the         trademarks HYTREL by E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. of Wilmington,         Del., and LOMOD by General Electric Company of Pittsfield,         Mass.;     -   (10) Blends and alloys, including polycarbonate with         acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polybutylene terephthalate,         polyethylene terephthalate, styrene maleic anhydride,         polyethylene, elastomers, and the like, and polyvinyl chloride         with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ethylene vinyl acetate         or other elastomers; and     -   (11) Blends of thermoplastic rubbers with polyethylene,         propylene, polyacetal, nylon, polyesters, cellulose esters, and         the like.

The intermediate layer also may include ionomeric materials, such as ionic copolymers of ethylene and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, which are available under the trademark SURLYN® of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., of Wilmington, Del., or IOTEK® or ESCOR® of Exxon. These are copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid or acrylic acid totally or partially neutralized, i.e., from about 1 to about 100 percent, with salts of zinc, sodium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, nickel or the like. The carboxylic acid groups may also include methacrylic, crotonic, maleic, fumaric or itaconic acid. The salts are the reaction product of an olefin having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having 3 to 8 carbon atoms.

The intermediate layer may also include at least one ionomer, such as acid-containing ethylene copolymer ionomers, including E/X/Y terpolymers where E is ethylene, X is an acrylate or methacrylate-based softening comonomer present in about 0 to 50 weight percent and Y is acrylic or methacrylic acid present in about 5 to 35 weight percent.

The ionomer also may include so-called “low acid” and “high acid” ionomers, as well as blends thereof. In general, ionic copolymers including up to about 15 percent acid are considered “low acid” ionomers, while those including greater than about 15 percent acid are considered “high acid” ionomers.

Thermoplastic polymer components, such as copolyetheresters (e.g., HYTREL®, available from DuPont), copolyesteresters, copolyetheramides (e.g., PEBAX®, available from Atofina Chemicals, Inc.) elastomeric polyolefins, styrene diene block copolymers and their hydrogenated derivatives (e.g. block copolymers of styrene-butadiene-styrene, styrene-(ethylene-propylene)-styrene or styrene-(ethylene-butadiene)-styrene, as well as KRATON D®, KRATON G®, KRATON FG® from Shell Chemical), copolyesteramides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, such as copolyetherurethanes, copolyesterurethanes, copolyureaurethanes, epoxy-based polyurethanes, polycaprolactone-based polyurethanes, polyureas, and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes fillers, and other ingredients, if included, can be blended in either before, during, or after the acid moieties are neutralized, thermoplastic polyurethanes. Examples of these materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2001/0018375 and 2001/0019971, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The ionomer compositions may also include at least one grafted metallocene catalyzed polymer. Blends of this embodiment may include about 1 pph to about 100 pph of at least one grafted metallocene catalyzed polymer and about 99 pph to 0 pph of at least one ionomer. Where the layer is foamed, the grafted metallocene catalyzed polymer blends may be foamed during molding by any conventional foaming or blowing agent. In addition, polyamides may also be blended with ionomers.

The intermediate layer may also include at least one primarily or fully non-ionomeric thermoplastic material. Suitable non-ionomeric materials include polyamides and polyamide blends, grafted and non-grafted metallocene catalyzed polyolefins or polyamides, polyamide/ionomer blends, polyamide/nonionomer blends, polyphenylene ether/ionomer blends, and mixtures thereof. Examples of grafted and non-grafted metallocene catalyzed polyolefins or polyamides, polyamide/ionomer blends, polyamide/nonionomer blends are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/138,304, filed May 6, 2002, entitled “Golf Ball Incorporating Grafted Metallocene Catalyzed Polymer Blends,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Polyamide homopolymers, such as polyamide 6,18 and polyamide 6,36 may be used alone, or in combination with other polyamide homopolymers. In another embodiment, polyamide copolymers, such as polyamide 6,10/6,36, are used alone, or in combination with other polyamide homopolymers or copolymers. Other examples of suitable polyamide homopolymers and copolymers include polyamide 4, polyamide 6, polyamide 7, polyamide 11, polyamide 12 (manufactured as Rilsan AMNO by Atofina Chemicals, Inc. of King of Prussia, Pa.), polyamide 13, polyamide 4,6, polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6,9, polyamide 6,10, polyamide 6,12, polyamide 6,36, polyamide 12,12, polyamide 13,13, polyamide 6/6,6, polyamide 6,6/6,10, polyamide 6/6,T wherein T represents terephthalic acid, polyamide 6/6,6/6,10, polyamide 6,10/6,36, polyamide 66,6,18, polyamide 66,6,36, polyamide 6/6,18, polyamide 6/6,36, polyamide 6/6,10/6,18, polyamide 6/6,10/6,36, polyamide 6,10/6,18, polyamide 6,12/6,18, polyamide 6,12/6,36, polyamide 6/66/6,18, polyamide 6/66/6,36, polyamide 66/6,10/6,18, polyamide 66/6,10/6,36, polyamide 6/6,12/6,18, polyamide 6/6,12/6,36, and mixtures thereof.

Nonionomers suitable for blending with the polyamide include, but are not limited to, block copoly(ester) copolymers, block copoly(amide) copolymers, block copoly(urethane) copolymers, styrene-based block copolymers, thermoplastic and elastomer blends wherein the elastomer is not vulcanized (TEB), and thermoplastic and elastomer or rubber blends wherein the elastomer is dynamically vulcanized (TED). Other nonionomers suitable for blending with polyamide to form an intermediate layer composition include, but are not limited to, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, imidized, amino group containing polymers, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyether ketone, polysulfone, poly(phenylene sulfide), reinforced engineering plastics, acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(butyl acrylate), poly(4-cyanobutyl acrylate), poly(2-ethylbutyl acrylate), poly(heptyl acrylate), poly(2-methylbutyl acrylate), poly(3-methylbutyl acrylate), poly(N-octadecylacrylamide), poly(octadecyl methacrylate), poly(4-dodecylstyrene), poly(4-tetradecylstyrene), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(oxymethylene), poly(silazane), poly(furan tetracarboxylic acid diimide), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(methylstyrene), as well as the classes of polymers to which they belong and their copolymers, including functional comonomers, and blends thereof.

The intermediate layer may include a resilient polymer component, which is preferably used as the majority polymer in the intermediate layer to impart resilience in the cured state, and a reinforcing polymer component as a blend.

Resilient polymers suitable for use in the intermediate layer include polybutadiene, polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene, styrene-propylene-diene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM), mixtures thereof, and the like, preferably having a high molecular weight of at least about 50,000 to about 1,000,000.

The reinforcing polymer component preferably has a glass transition temperature (TG) sufficiently low to permit mixing without initiating crosslinking, preferably between about 35° C. to 120° C. In addition, the reinforcing polymer component preferably has a sufficiently low viscosity at the mixing temperature when mixed with the resilient polymer component to permit proper mixing of the two polymer components. The weight of the reinforcing polymer relative to the total composition for forming the intermediate layer generally ranges from about 5 to 25 weight percent, preferably about 10 to 20 weight percent.

Examples of polymers suitable for use in the reinforcing polymer component include: trans-polyisoprene, block copolymer ether/ester, acrylic polyol, polyethylene, polyethylene copolymer, 1,2-polybutadiene (syndiotactic), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, trans-polycyclooctenenamer, trans-isomer polybutadiene, and mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable reinforcing polymers include: HYTREL 3078, a block copolymer ether/ester commercially available from DuPont of Wilmington, Del.; a trans-isomer polybutadiene, such as FUREN 88 obtained from Asahi Chemicals of Yako, Kawasakiku, Kawasakishi, Japan; KURRARAY TP251, a trans-polyisoprene commercially available from KURRARAY CO.; LEVAPREN 700HV, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer commercially available from Bayer-Rubber Division, Akron, Ohio; and VESTENAMER 8012, a trans-polycyclooctenenamer commercially available from Huls America Inc. of Tallmadge, Ohio. Some suitable reinforcing polymer components are listed in Table 1 below with their crystalline melt temperature (T_(C)) and/or T_(G).

Another polymer particularly suitable for use in the reinforcing polymer component is a rigidifying polybutadiene component, which typically includes at least about 80 percent trans-isomer content with the remainder being cis-isomer 1,4-polybutadiene and vinyl-isomer 1,2-polybutadiene. Thus, it may be referred to herein as a “high trans-isomer polybutadiene” or a “rigidifying polybutadiene” to distinguish it from the cis-isomer polybutadienes or polybutadienes having a low trans-isomer content, i.e., typically below 80 percent, used to form the golf ball cores of the invention. The vinyl-content of the rigidifying polybutadiene component is preferably present in no more than about 15 percent, preferably less than about 10 percent, more preferably less than about 5 percent, and most preferably less than about 3 percent of the polybutadiene isomers.

The rigidifying polybutadiene component, when used in a golf ball of the invention, preferably has a polydispersity of no greater than about 4, preferably no greater than about 3, and more preferably no greater than about 2.5. The polydispersity, or PDI, is a ratio of the molecular weight average (M_(w)) over the molecular number average (M_(n)) of a polymer.

In addition, the rigidifying polybutadiene component, when used in a golf ball of the invention, typically has a high absolute molecular weight average, defined as being at least about 100,000, preferably from about 200,000 to about 1,000,000. In one embodiment, the absolute molecular weight average is from about 230,000 to about 750,000. In another embodiment, the molecular weight is about 275,000 to about 700,000. In any embodiment where the vinyl-content is present in greater than about 10 percent, the absolute molecular weight average is preferably greater than about 200,000.

When trans-polyisoprene or high trans-isomer polybutadiene is included in the reinforcing polymer component, it may be present in an amount of about 10 to about 40 weight percent, preferably about 15 to about 30 weight percent, more preferably about 15 to no more than about 25 weight percent of the polymer blend, i.e., the resilient and reinforcing polymer components.

The same crosslinking agents mentioned above with regard to the core may be used in this embodiment to achieve the desired elastic modulus for the resilient polymer-reinforcing polymer blend. In one embodiment, the crosslinking agent is added in an amount from about 1 to about 50 pph of the polymer blend, preferably about 20 to about 45 pph, and more preferably about 30 to about 40 pph, of the polymer blend.

The resilient polymer component, reinforcing polymer component, free-radical initiator, and any other materials used in forming an intermediate layer of a golf ball core in accordance with invention may be combined by any type of mixing known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The intermediate layer may also be a tensioned elastomeric material wound around a solid, semi-solid, hollow, fluid-filled, or powder-filled center. A wound layer may be described as a core layer or an intermediate layer for the purposes of the invention. As an example, the golf ball may include a core layer, a tensioned elastomeric layer wound thereon, and a cover layer. The tensioned elastomeric material may be formed of any suitable material known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the tensioned elastomeric layer is a high tensile filament having a tensile modulus of about 10,000 kpsi or greater, as disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0160859, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. In another embodiment, the tensioned elastomeric layer is coated with a binding material that will adhere to the core and itself when activated, causing the strands of the tensioned elastomeric layer to swell and increase the cross-sectional area of the layer by at least about 5 percent. An example of such a golf ball construction is provided in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0160862, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

The intermediate layer may also be formed of a binding material and an interstitial material distributed in the binding material, wherein the effective material properties of the intermediate layer are uniquely different for applied forces normal to the surface of the ball from applied forces tangential to the surface of the ball. Examples of this type of intermediate layer are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0125134, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. In one embodiment of the present invention, the interstitial material may extend from the intermediate layer into the core. In an alternative embodiment, the interstitial material can also be embedded in the cover, or be in contact with the inner surface of the cover, or be embedded only in the cover.

At least one intermediate layer may also be a moisture barrier layer, such as the ones described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,488, which is incorporated by reference herein. Any suitable film-forming material having a lower water vapor transmission rate than the other layers between the core and the outer surface of the ball, i.e., cover, primer, and clear coat. Examples include, but are not limited to polyvinylidene chloride, vermiculite, and a reaction product with fluorine gas. In one embodiment, the moisture barrier layer has a water vapor transmission rate that is sufficiently low to reduce the loss of CoR of the golf ball by at least 5 percent if the ball is stored at 100° F. and 70 percent relative humidity for six weeks as compared to the loss in COR of a golf ball that does not include the moisture barrier, has the same type of core and cover, and is stored under substantially identical conditions.

Additional materials may be included in the intermediate layer compositions outlined above. For example, catalysts, coloring agents, optical brighteners, crosslinking agents, whitening agents such as TiO₂ and ZnO, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, surfactants, and other conventional additives may be added to the intermediates. In addition, antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents, plasticizers, including internal and external plasticizers, impact modifiers, foaming agents, density-adjusting fillers, reinforcing materials, and compatibilizers may also be added to any of the intermediate layer compositions. One of ordinary skill in the art should be aware of the requisite amount for each type of additive to realize the benefits of that particular additive.

The intermediate layer, may be formed from using any suitable method known to one of ordinary skill in the art, particularly for intermediate layers that do not include silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention. For example, an intermediate layer may be formed by blow molding and covered with a dimpled cover layer formed by injection molding, compression molding, casting, vacuum forming, powder coating, and the like.

For example, castable reactive liquid materials may be applied over the inner ball using a variety of application techniques such as spraying, compression molding, dipping, spin coating, or flow coating methods that are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the castable reactive material is formed over the core using a combination of casting and compression molding. Conventionally, compression molding and injection molding are applied to thermoplastic cover materials, whereas RIM, liquid injection molding, and casting are utilized on thermoset cover techniques.

Cover Layer(s)

The cover provides the interface between the ball and a club. Properties that are desirable for the cover are good moldability, high abrasion resistance, high tear strength, high resilience, and good mold release, among others.

As used herein, the term “cover” means the outermost portion of a golf ball. A cover typically includes at least one layer and may contain indentations such as dimples and/or ridges. Paints and/or laminates are typically disposed about the cover to protect the golf ball during use thereof.

Prior to forming the cover layer, the inner ball, i.e., the core and any intermediate layers disposed thereon, may be surface treated to increase the adhesion between the outer surface of the inner ball and the cover. Examples of such surface treatment may include mechanically or chemically abrading the outer surface of the subassembly. Additionally, the inner ball may be subjected to corona discharge or plasma treatment prior to forming the cover around it. Other layers of the ball, e.g., the core, also may be surface treated. Examples of these and other surface treatment techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,915, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

The cover layer may be comprised of silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention and formed using the methods described herein. When a cover layer is not comprised of the silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention, it is composed conventional materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used, including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials as discussed below. The one or more silane-crosslinked polyolefins also may be blended with conventional cover layer materials.

For example, the cover can include any suitable cover or cover layer materials, known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, but preferably the cover or cover layer can include any suitable materials, such as ionic copolymers of ethylene and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid which are available under the trademark SURLYN of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., of Wilmington, Del., or IOTEK or ESCOR of Exxon. These are copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid or acrylic acid partially neutralized with salts of zinc, sodium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, nickel or the like, in which the salts are the reaction product of an olefin having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. The carboxylic acid groups of the copolymer may be totally or partially neutralized and might include methacrylic, crotonic, maleic, fumaric or itaconic acid.

This golf ball can likewise include one or more homopolymeric or copolymeric cover or cover layer materials, such as:

-   -   (1) Vinyl resins, such as those formed by the polymerization of         vinyl chloride, or by the copolymerization of vinyl chloride         with vinyl acetate, acrylic esters or vinylidene chloride;     -   (2) Polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene,         polybutylene and copolymers such as ethylene methylacrylate,         ethylene ethylacrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene         methacrylic or ethylene acrylic acid or propylene acrylic acid         and copolymers and homopolymers produced using a single-site         catalyst;     -   (3) Polyurethanes, such as those prepared from polyols and         diisocyanates or polyisocyanates and those disclosed in U.S.         Pat. No. 5,334,673;     -   (4) Polyureas, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.         5,484,870;     -   (5) Polyamides, such as poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and others         prepared from diamines and dibasic acids, as well as those from         amino acids such as poly(caprolactam), and blends of polyamides         with SURLYN, polyethylene, ethylene copolymers,         ethyl-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymer, and the like;     -   (6) Acrylic resins and blends of these resins with poly vinyl         chloride, elastomers, and the like;     -   (7) Thermoplastics, such as urethanes; olefinic thermoplastic         rubbers, such as blends of polyolefins with         ethylene-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymer; block         copolymers of styrene and butadiene, isoprene or         ethylene-butylene rubber; or copoly(ether-amide), such as PEBAX,         sold by Atofina Chemicals, Inc. of King of Prussia, Pa.;     -   (8) Polyphenylene oxide resins or blends of polyphenylene oxide         with high impact polystyrene as sold under the trademark NORYL         by General Electric Company of Pittsfield, Mass.;     -   (9) Thermoplastic polyesters, such as polyethylene         terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene         terephthalate/glycol modified and elastomers sold under the         trademarks HYTREL by E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. of Wilmington,         Del., and LOMOD by General Electric Company of Pittsfield,         Mass.;     -   (10) Blends and alloys, including polycarbonate with         acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polybutylene terephthalate,         polyethylene terephthalate, styrene maleic anhydride,         polyethylene, elastomers, and the like, and polyvinyl chloride         with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ethylene vinyl acetate         or other elastomers; and     -   (11) Blends of thermoplastic rubbers with polyethylene,         propylene, polyacetal, nylon, polyesters, cellulose esters, and         the like.

Preferably, the cover includes polymers, such as ethylene, propylene, butene-1 or hexane-1 based homopolymers or copolymers including functional monomers, such as acrylic and methacrylic acid and fully or partially neutralized ionomer resins and their blends, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers, imidized, amino group containing polymers, polycarbonate, reinforced polyamides, polyphenylene oxide, high impact polystyrene, polyether ketone, polysulfone, poly(phenylene sulfide), acrylonitrile-butadiene, acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethelyne vinyl alcohol), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and their copolymers including functional comonomers, and blends thereof. Suitable cover compositions also include a polyether or polyester thermoplastic urethane, a thermoset polyurethane, a low modulus ionomer, such as acid-containing ethylene copolymer ionomers, including E/X/Y terpolymers where E is ethylene, X is an acrylate or methacrylate-based softening comonomer present in about 0 to 50 weight percent and Y is acrylic or methacrylic acid present in about 5 to 35 weight percent. More preferably, in a low spin rate embodiment designed for maximum distance, the acrylic or methacrylic acid is present in about 15 to 35 weight percent, making the ionomer a high modulus ionomer. In a high spin embodiment, the cover includes an ionomer where an acid is present in about 10 to 15 weight percent and includes a softening comonomer.

The cover typically has a thickness to provide sufficient strength, good performance characteristics and durability. The cover of the golf balls typically has a thickness of at least about 0.03 inches, preferably 0.03 to 0.125 inches, and more preferably from about 0.05 to 0.1 inches. The golf balls also typically have at least about 60 percent dimple coverage, preferably at least about 70 percent dimple coverage, of the surface area of the cover.

Generally, the covers are formed around the solid or wound cores by either compression molding preformed half-shells of the cover stock material or by injection molding the cover stock about the core. Half-shells are made by injection molding a cover stock into a conventional half-shell mold in a conventional manner. The preferred method is compression molding of preformed half-shells

The cover may include a plurality of layers, e.g., an inner cover layer disposed about a golf ball center and an outer cover layer formed thereon. For example, the present invention encompasses a golf ball having a core, a thin inner cover layer, and a thin outer cover layer disposed thereon. For example, the core may be formed of a re-crosslinked product of the present invention, the inner cover layer formed of an ionomer blend, and the outer cover layer formed of a polyurea composition. In another embodiment, the outer cover layer has a different hardness than the inner cover layer.

While hardness gradients are typically used in a golf ball to achieve certain characteristics, the present invention also contemplates the compositions of the invention being used in a golf ball with multiple cover layers having essentially the same hardness, wherein at least one of the layers has been modified in some way to alter a property that affects the performance of the ball. Such ball constructions are disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0232666, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

In one such embodiment, both covers layers can be formed of the same material and have essentially the same hardness, but the layers are designed to have different coefficient of friction values. In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used in a golf ball with multiple cover layers having essentially the same hardness, but different rheological properties under high deformation. Another aspect of this embodiment relates to a golf ball with multiple cover layers having essentially the same hardness, but different thicknesses to simulate a soft outer cover over hard inner cover ball.

In another aspect of this concept, the cover layers of a golf ball have essentially the same hardness, but different properties at high or low temperatures as compared to ambient temperatures. In particular, this aspect of the invention is directed to a golf ball having multiple cover layers wherein the outer cover layer composition has a lower flexural modulus at reduced temperatures than the inner cover layer, while the layers retain the same hardness at ambient and reduced temperatures, which results in a simulated soft outer cover layer over a hard inner cover layer feel. For example, certain polyureas may have a much more stable flexural modulus at different temperatures than ionomer resins and thus, could be used to make an effectively “softer” layer at lower temperatures than at ambient or elevated temperatures.

Yet another aspect of this concept relates to a golf ball with multiple cover layers having essentially the same hardness, but different properties under wet conditions as compared to dry conditions. Wettability of a golf ball layer may be affected by surface roughness, chemical heterogeneity, molecular orientation, swelling, and interfacial tensions, among others. Thus, non-destructive surface treatments of a golf ball layer may aid in increasing the hydrophilicity of a layer, while highly polishing or smoothing the surface of a golf ball layer may decrease wettability. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,453 and 5,456,972 disclose methods of surface treating polymer materials to affect the wettability, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. In addition, plasma etching, corona treating, and flame treating may be useful surface treatments to alter the wettability to desired conditions. Wetting agents may also be added to the golf ball layer composition to modify the surface tension of the layer.

Thus, the differences in wettability of the cover layers according to the invention may be measured by a difference in contact angle. The contact angles for a layer may be from about 10 (low wettability) to about 180° (very high wettability). In one embodiment, the cover layers have contact angles that vary by about 1° or greater. In another embodiment, the contact angles of the cover layers vary by about 3° or greater. In yet another embodiment, the contact angles of the cover layers vary by about 5° or greater.

Other non-limiting examples of suitable types of ball constructions that may be used with the present invention include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,056,842, 5,688,191, 5,713,801, 5,803,831, 5,885,172, 5,919,100, 5,965,669, 5,981,654, 5,981,658, and 6,149,535, as well as in Publication Nos. U.S. 2001/0009310 A1, U.S. 2002/0025862, and U.S. 2002/0028885. The entire disclosures of these patents and published patent

The cover layer material may be applied over an inner ball using a variety of application techniques such as spraying, compression molding, dipping, spin coating, or flow coating methods that are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the conventional cover or cover layer material is used to form a cover over the core using a combination of casting and compression molding. Conventionally, compression molding and injection molding are applied to thermoplastic cover materials, whereas RIM, liquid injection molding, and casting are employed on thermoset cover materials.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,428, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, discloses a useful method for forming a polyurethane cover on a golf ball core.

For example, once the conventional cover or cover layer material is mixed, an exothermic reaction commences and continues until the material is solidified around the core. It is important that the viscosity be measured over time, so that the subsequent steps of filling each mold half, introducing the core into one half and closing the mold can be properly timed for accomplishing centering of the core cover halves fusion and achieving overall uniformity. A suitable viscosity range of the curing mix for introducing cores into the mold halves is determined to be approximately between about 2,000 cP and about 30,000 cP, with the preferred range of about 8,000 cP to about 15,000 cP.

To start the cover formation, mixing of the prepolymer and curative is accomplished in a motorized mixer inside a mixing head by feeding through lines metered amounts of curative and prepolymer. Top preheated mold halves are filled and placed in fixture units using centering pins moving into apertures in each mold. At a later time, the cavity of a bottom mold half, or the cavities of a series of bottom mold halves, is filled with similar mixture amounts as used for the top mold halves. After the reacting materials have resided in top mold halves for about 40 to about 100 seconds, preferably for about 70 to about 80 seconds, a core is lowered at a controlled speed into the gelling reacting mixture.

A ball cup holds the ball core through reduced pressure (or partial vacuum). Upon location of the core in the halves of the mold after gelling for about 4 to about 12 seconds, the vacuum is released allowing the core to be released. In one embodiment, the vacuum is released allowing the core to be released after about 5 seconds to about 10 seconds. The mold halves, with core and solidified cover half thereon, are removed from the centering fixture unit, inverted and mated with second mold halves which, at an appropriate time earlier, have had a selected quantity of reacting prepolymer and curing agent introduced therein to commence gelling.

Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,297 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,673 both also disclose suitable molding techniques that may be utilized to apply the castable reactive liquids employed in the present invention. However, the method of the invention is not limited to the use of these techniques; other methods known to those skilled in the art may also be employed. For instance, other methods for holding the ball core may be utilized instead of using a partial vacuum.

Dimples

The use of various dimple patterns and profiles provides a relatively effective way to modify the aerodynamic characteristics of a golf ball. As such, the manner in which the dimples are arranged on the surface of the ball can be by any available method. For instance, the ball may have an icosahedron-based pattern, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,168, or an octahedral-based dimple patterns as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,281.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the golf ball has an icosahedron dimple pattern that includes 20 triangles made from about 362 dimples and, except perhaps for the mold parting line, does not have a great circle that does not intersect any dimples. Each of the large triangles, preferably, has an odd number of dimples (7) along each side and the small triangles have an even number of dimples (4) along each side. To properly pack the dimples, the large triangle has nine more dimples than the small triangle. In another embodiment, the ball has five different sizes of dimples in total. The sides of the large triangle have four different sizes of dimples and the small triangles have two different sizes of dimples.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the golf ball has an icosahedron dimple pattern with a large triangle including three different dimples and the small triangles having only one diameter of dimple. In a preferred embodiment, there are 392 dimples and one great circle that does not intersect any dimples. In another embodiment, more than five alternative dimple diameters are used.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the golf ball has an octahedron dimple pattern including eight triangles made from about 440 dimples and three great circles that do not intersect any dimples. In the octahedron pattern, the pattern includes a third set of dimples formed in a smallest triangle inside of and adjacent to the small triangle. To properly pack the dimples, the large triangle has nine more dimples than the small triangle and the small triangle has nine more dimples than the smallest triangle. In this embodiment, the ball has six different dimple diameters distributed over the surface of the ball. The large triangle has five different dimple diameters, the small triangle has three different dimple diameters and the smallest triangle has two different dimple diameters.

Alternatively, the dimple pattern can be arranged according to phyllotactic patterns, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,338,684, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

Dimple patterns may also be based on Archimedean patterns including a truncated octahedron, a great rhombcuboctahedron, a truncated dodecahedron, and a great rhombicosidodecahedron, wherein the pattern has a non-linear parting line, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/078,417, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The golf balls of the present invention may also be covered with non-circular shaped dimples, i.e., amorphous shaped dimples, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,615, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

Dimple patterns that provide a high percentage of surface coverage are preferred, and are well known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,562,552, 5,575,477, 5,957,787, 5,249,804, and 4,925,193 disclose geometric patterns for positioning dimples on a golf ball. In one embodiment, the golf balls of the invention have a dimple coverage of the surface area of the cover of at least about 60 percent, preferably at least about 65 percent, and more preferably at least 70 percent or greater. Dimple patterns having even higher dimple coverage values may also be used with the present invention. Thus, the golf balls of the present invention may have a dimple coverage of at least about 75 percent or greater, about 80 percent or greater, or even about 85 percent or greater.

In addition, a tubular lattice pattern, such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,615, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, may also be used with golf balls of the present invention. The golf balls of the present invention may also have a plurality of pyramidal projections disposed on the intermediate layer of the ball, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,092, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. The plurality of pyramidal projections on the golf ball may cover between about 20 percent to about 80 of the surface of the intermediate layer.

In an alternative embodiment, the golf ball may have a non-planar parting line allowing for some of the plurality of pyramidal projections to be disposed about the equator. Such a golf ball may be fabricated using a mold as disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/442,845, filed Nov. 18, 1999, entitled “Mold For A Golf Ball,” and which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. This embodiment allows for greater uniformity of the pyramidal projections.

Several additional non-limiting examples of dimple patterns with varying sizes of dimples are also provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,161 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,898, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

The total number of dimples on the ball, or dimple count, may vary depending on such factors as the dimple size and the selected pattern. In general, the total number of dimples on the ball preferably is between about 100 to about 1000 dimples, although one skilled in the art would recognize that differing dimple counts within this range can significantly alter the flight performance of the ball. In one embodiment, the dimple count is about 380 dimples or greater, but more preferably is about 400 dimples or greater, and even more preferably is about 420 dimples or greater. In one embodiment, the dimple count on the ball is about 422 dimples. In some cases, it may be desirable to have fewer dimples on the ball. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention has a dimple count of about 380 dimples or less, and more preferably is about 350 dimples or less.

Dimple profiles revolving a catenary curve about its symmetrical axis may increase aerodynamic efficiency, provide a convenient way to alter the dimples to adjust ball performance without changing the dimple pattern, and result in uniformly increased flight distance for golfers of all swing speeds. Thus, catenary curve dimple profiles, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0114255, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein, is contemplated for use with the golf balls of the present invention.

Golf Ball Post-Processing

The golf balls of the present invention may be painted, coated, or surface treated for further benefits. For example, golf balls covers frequently contain a fluorescent material and/or a dye or pigment to achieve the desired color characteristics. A golf ball of the invention may also be treated with a base resin paint composition, however, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0082358, which includes a 7-triazinylamino-3-phenylcoumarin derivative as the fluorescent whitening agent to provide improved weather resistance and brightness.

In addition, trademarks or other indicia may be stamped, i.e., pad-printed, on the outer surface of the ball cover, and the stamped outer surface is then treated with at least one clear coat to give the ball a glossy finish and protect the indicia stamped on the cover.

The golf balls of the invention may also be subjected to dye sublimation, wherein at least one golf ball component is subjected to at least one sublimating ink that migrates at a depth into the outer surface and forms an indicia. The at least one sublimating ink preferably includes at least one of an azo dye, a nitroarylamine dye, or an anthraquinone dye. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0106442, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Laser marking of a selected surface portion of a golf ball causing the laser light-irradiated portion to change color is also contemplated for use with the present invention. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,248,878 and 6,075,223 generally disclose such methods, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. In addition, the golf balls may be subjected to ablation, i.e., directing a beam of laser radiation onto a portion of the cover, irradiating the cover portion, wherein the irradiated cover portion is ablated to form a detectable mark, wherein no significant discoloration of the cover portion results therefrom. Ablation is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,303, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Protective and decorative coating materials, as well as methods of applying such materials to the surface of a golf ball cover, are well known in the golf ball art. Generally, such coating materials include urethanes, urethane hybrids, epoxies, polyesters and acrylics. If desired, more than one coating layer can be used. The coating layer(s) may be applied by any suitable method known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the coating layer(s) is applied to the golf ball cover by an in-mold coating process, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,168, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

Golf Ball Properties

The properties such as hardness, modulus, core diameter, intermediate layer thickness and cover layer thickness of the golf balls of the present invention have been found to effect play characteristics such as spin, initial velocity and feel of the present golf balls. For example, the flexural and/or tensile modulus of the intermediate layer are believed to have an effect on the “feel” of the golf balls of the present invention.

Component Dimensions

Dimensions of golf ball components, i.e., thickness and diameter, may vary depending on the desired properties. For the purposes of the invention, any layer thickness may be employed. Non-limiting examples of the various embodiments outlined above are provided here with respect to layer dimensions.

The present invention relates to golf balls of any size. While “The Rules of Golf” by the USGA dictate specifications that limit the size of a competition golf ball to more than 1.680 inches in diameter, golf balls of any size can be used for leisure golf play. The preferred diameter of the golf balls is from about 1.680 inches to about 1.800 inches. The more preferred diameter is from about 1.680 inches to about 1.760 inches. A diameter of from about 1.680 inches to about 1.740 inches is most preferred, however diameters anywhere in the range of from 1.700 to about 1.950 inches can be used. Preferably, the overall diameter of the core and all intermediate layers is about 80 percent to about 98 percent of the overall diameter of the finished ball.

The core may have a diameter ranging from about 0.090 inches to about 1.650 inches. In one embodiment, the diameter of the core of the present invention is about 1.200 inches to about 1.630 inches. In another embodiment, the diameter of the core is about 1.300 inches to about 1.600 inches, preferably from about 1.390 inches to about 1.600 inches, and more preferably from about 1.500 inches to about 1.600 inches. In yet another embodiment, the core has a diameter of about 1.550 inches to about 1.650 inches.

The core of the golf ball may also be extremely large in relation to the rest of the ball. For example, in one embodiment, the core makes up about 90 percent to about 98 percent of the ball, preferably about 94 percent to about 96 percent of the ball. In this embodiment, the diameter of the core is preferably about 1.540 inches or greater, preferably about 1.550 inches or greater. In one embodiment, the core diameter is about 1.590 inches or greater. In another embodiment, the diameter of the core is about 1.640 inches or less.

When the core includes an inner core layer and an outer core layer, the inner core layer is preferably about 0.9 inches or greater and the outer core layer preferably has a thickness of about 0.1 inches or greater. In one embodiment, the inner core layer has a diameter from about 0.09 inches to about 1.2 inches and the outer core layer has a thickness from about 0.1 inches to about 0.8 inches. In yet another embodiment, the inner core layer diameter is from about 0.095 inches to about 1.1 inches and the outer core layer has a thickness of about 0.20 inches to about 0.03 inches.

The cover typically has a thickness to provide sufficient strength, good performance characteristics, and durability. In one embodiment, the cover thickness is from about 0.02 inches to about 0.35 inches. The cover preferably has a thickness of about 0.02 inches to about 0.12 inches, preferably about 0.1 inches or less. When the compositions of the invention are used to form the outer cover of a golf ball, the cover may have a thickness of about 0.1 inches or less, preferably about 0.07 inches or less. In one embodiment, the outer cover has a thickness from about 0.02 inches to about 0.07 inches. In another embodiment, the cover thickness is about 0.05 inches or less, preferably from about 0.02 inches to about 0.05 inches. In yet another embodiment, the outer cover layer is between about 0.02 inches to about 0.045 inches. In still another embodiment, the outer cover layer is about 0.025 to about 0.04 inches thick. In one embodiment, the outer cover layer is about 0.03 inches thick.

In some embodiments, a hemispherical shell is typically formed first. The hemispherical shell generally has an outer radius of from about 0.45 inches to about 0.900 inches and a thickness from about 0.001 inches to about 0.500 inches. The outer radius and thickness varies depending on whether the hemispherical shell is formed for a cover, intermediate layer or a core layer, as disclosed herein

The range of thicknesses for an intermediate layer of a golf ball is large because of the vast possibilities when using an intermediate layer, i.e., as an outer core layer, an inner cover layer, a wound layer, a moisture/vapor barrier layer. When used in a golf ball of the invention, the intermediate layer, or inner cover layer, may have a thickness about 0.3 inches or less. In one embodiment, the thickness of the intermediate layer is from about 0.002 inches to about 0.1 inches, preferably about 0.01 inches or greater. In one embodiment, the thickness of the intermediate layer is about 0.09 inches or less, preferably about 0.06 inches or less. In another embodiment, the intermediate layer thickness is about 0.05 inches or less, more preferably about 0.01 inches to about 0.045 inches. In one embodiment, the intermediate layer, thickness is about 0.02 inches to about 0.04 inches. In another embodiment, the intermediate layer thickness is from about 0.025 inches to about 0.035 inches. In yet another embodiment, the thickness of the intermediate layer is about 0.035 inches thick. In still another embodiment, the inner cover layer is from about 0.03 inches to about 0.035 inches thick. Varying combinations of these ranges of thickness for the intermediate and outer cover layers may be used in combination with other embodiments described herein.

The ratio of the thickness of the intermediate layer to the outer cover layer is preferably about 10 or less, preferably from about 3 or less. In another embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the intermediate layer to the outer cover layer is about 1 or less.

The core and intermediate layer(s) together form an inner ball preferably having a diameter of about 1.48 inches or greater for a 1.68-inch ball. In one embodiment, the inner ball of a 1.68-inch ball has a diameter of about 1.52 inches or greater. In another embodiment, the inner ball of a 1.68-inch ball has a diameter of about 1.66 inches or less. In yet another embodiment, a 1.72-inch (or more) ball has an inner ball diameter of about 1.50 inches or greater. In still another embodiment, the diameter of the inner ball for a 1.72-inch ball is about 1.70 inches or less.

Hardness

The molding process and composition of golf ball portions typically results in a gradient of material properties. Methods employed in the prior art generally exploit hardness to quantify these gradients. Most golf balls consist of layers having different hardnesses, e.g., hardness gradients, to achieve desired performance characteristics. The present invention contemplates golf balls having hardness gradients between layers, as well as those golf balls with layers having the same hardness.

It should be understood, especially to one of ordinary skill in the art, that there is a fundamental difference between “material hardness” and “hardness, as measured directly on a golf ball.” Material hardness is defined by the procedure set forth in ASTM-D2240-00 and generally involves measuring the hardness of a flat “slab” or “button” formed of the material of which the hardness is to be measured. Generally, ASTM-D2240-00 requires calibration of durometers, which have scale readings from 0 to 100. However, readings below 10 or above 90 are not considered reliable, as noted in ASTM-D2240-00, and accordingly, all the hardness values herein are within this range. Hardness, when measured directly on a golf ball (or other spherical surface) is a completely different measurement and, therefore, results in a different hardness value. This difference results from a number of factors including, but not limited to, ball construction (i.e., core type, number of core and/or cover layers, etc.), ball (or sphere) diameter, and the material composition of adjacent layers. Hardness is a qualitative measure of static modulus and does not represent the modulus of the material at the deformation rates associated with golf ball use, i.e., impact by a club. As is well known to one skilled in the art of polymer science, the time-temperature superposition principle may be used to emulate alternative deformation rates. For golf ball portions including polybutadiene, a 1-Hz oscillation at temperatures between 0° C. and −50° C. are believed to be qualitatively equivalent to golf ball impact rates. Therefore, measurements of loss tangent and dynamic stiffness at 0° C. to −50° C. may be used to accurately anticipate golf ball performance, preferably at temperatures between about −20° C. and −50° C. It should also be understood that the two measurement techniques are not linearly related and, therefore, one hardness value cannot easily be correlated to the other.

The cores of the present invention may have varying hardnesses, i.e., surface hardness, depending on the particular golf ball construction, as well as whether it is formed from the silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention, conventional core materials or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the core hardness is at least about 15 Shore A, preferably about 30 Shore A, as measured on a formed sphere. In another embodiment, the core has a hardness of about 50 Shore A to about 90 Shore D. In yet another embodiment, the hardness of the core is about 80 Shore D or less. In another embodiment, the core has a hardness of about 20 Shore C to about 90 Shore C, and preferably from about 30 Shore C to about 90 Shore C. In yet another embodiment, the core has a hardness of about 20 Shore C to about 80 Shore D, preferably from about 20 Shore D to about 70 Shore D. Preferably, the core has a hardness about 30 to about 65 Shore D, and more preferably, the core has a hardness about 35 to about 60 Shore D. As mentioned above, the upper and lower limits of the ranges disclosed herein are interchangeable to form new ranges. For example, the hardness of the core may be from about 20 Shore D to about 80 Shore D, or 50 Shore A to about 65 Shore D.

The core may have a hardness gradient, i.e., a first hardness at a first point, i.e., at an interior location, and a second hardness at a second point, i.e., at an exterior surface, as measured on a molded sphere. In one embodiment, the second hardness is at least about 6 percent greater than the first hardness, preferably about 10 percent greater than the first hardness. In other embodiments, the second hardness is at least about 20 percent greater or at least about 30 percent greater, than the first hardness.

For example, the interior of the core may have a first hardness of about 45 Shore C to about 60 Shore C and the exterior surface of the core may have a second hardness of about 65 Shore C to about 75 Shore C. In one golf ball formulated according to the invention, the first hardness was about 51 Shore C and a second hardness was about 71 Shore C, providing a hardness difference of greater than 20 percent.

In one embodiment, however, the core has a substantially uniform hardness throughout. Thus, in this aspect, the first and second hardness preferably differ by about 5 percent or less, more preferably about 3 percent or less, and even more preferably by about 2 percent or less. In another embodiment, the hardness is uniform throughout the component.

The intermediate layer(s) of the present invention may also vary in hardness depending on the specific construction of the ball, as well as whether it is formed from silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention, conventional intermediate layer materials, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the hardness of the intermediate layer is about 30 Shore D or greater. In another embodiment, the hardness of the intermediate layer is about 90 Shore D or less, preferably about 80 Shore D or less, and more preferably about 70 Shore D or less. In yet another embodiment, the hardness of the intermediate layer is about 40 Shore D or greater, preferably about 50 Shore D or greater. In one embodiment, the intermediate layer hardness is from about 30 Shore D to about 90 Shore D, and preferably from about 45 Shore D to about 80 Shore D. In another embodiment, the intermediate layer hardness is from about 50 Shore D to about 70 Shore D. The intermediate layer may also be about 65 Shore D or greater.

When the intermediate layer is intended to be harder than the core layer, the ratio of the intermediate layer hardness to the core hardness preferably about 2 or less. In one embodiment, the ratio is about 1.8 or less. In yet another embodiment, the ratio is about 1.3 or less.

As with the core and intermediate layers, the cover hardness may vary depending on the construction and desired characteristics of the golf ball, as well as whether it is formed from silane-crosslinked polyolefins of the present invention. The ratio of cover hardness to inner ball hardness is a primary variable used to control the aerodynamics of a ball and, in particular, the spin of a ball. In general, the harder the inner ball, the greater the driver spin and the softer the cover, the greater the driver spin.

For example, when the intermediate layer is intended to be the hardest point in the ball, e.g., about 50 Shore D to about 75 Shore D, the cover material may have a hardness of about 20 Shore D or greater, preferably about 25 Shore D or greater, and more preferably about 30 Shore D or greater, as measured on the slab. In one embodiment, the cover has a hardness of about 20 Shore A to about 70 Shore D. In another embodiment, the cover itself has a hardness from about 30 Shore D to about 60 Shore D. In one embodiment, the cover has a hardness of about 40 Shore D to about 65 Shore D. In another embodiment, the cover has a hardness less than about 45 Shore D, preferably less than about 40 Shore D, and more preferably about 25 Shore D to about 40 Shore D. In yet another embodiment, the cover hardness is from about 35 to 80 Shore D, preferably from about 45 to 70 Shore D.

In this embodiment when the outer cover layer is softer than the intermediate layer or inner cover layer, the ratio of the Shore D hardness of the outer cover material to the intermediate layer material is about 0.8 or less, preferably about 0.75 or less, and more preferably about 0.7 or less. In another embodiment, the ratio is about 0.5 or less, preferably about 0.45 or less.

In yet another embodiment, the ratio is about 0.1 or less when the cover and intermediate layer materials have hardnesses that are substantially the same. When the hardness differential between the cover layer and the intermediate layer is not intended to be as significant, the cover may have a hardness of about 55 Shore D to about 65 Shore D. In this embodiment, the ratio of the Shore D hardness of the outer cover to the intermediate layer is about 1.0 or less, preferably about 0.9 or less.

In another embodiment, the cover layer is harder than the intermediate layer. In this design, the ratio of Shore D hardness of the cover layer to the intermediate layer is about 1.33 or less, preferably from about 1.14 or less.

When a two-piece ball is constructed, the core may be softer than the outer cover. For example, the core hardness may range from about 30 Shore D to about 50 Shore D, and the cover hardness may be from about 50 Shore D to about 80 Shore D. In this type of construction, the ratio between the cover hardness and the core hardness is preferably about 1.75 or less. In another embodiment, the ratio is about 1.55 or less. Depending on the materials, for example, if a composition of the invention is acid-functionalized wherein the acid groups are at least partially neutralized, the hardness ratio of the cover to core is preferably about 1.25 or less.

Compression

Depending on the desired properties, balls prepared according to the invention can exhibit substantially the same or higher resilience, or coefficient of restitution (CoR), with a decrease in compression or modulus, compared to balls of conventional construction. As used herein, the term “coefficient of restitution” (CoR) is calculated by dividing the rebound velocity of the golf ball by the incoming velocity when a golf ball is shot out of an air cannon. The CoR testing is conducted over a range of incoming velocities and determined at an inbound velocity of 125 ft/s. Additionally, balls prepared according to the invention can also exhibit substantially higher resilience, or coefficient of restitution (CoR), without an increase in compression, compared to balls of conventional construction. Another measure of this resilience is the “loss tangent,” or tan 6, which is obtained when measuring the dynamic stiffness of an object. Loss tangent and terminology relating to such dynamic properties is typically described according to ASTM D4092-90. Thus, a lower loss tangent indicates a higher resiliency, thereby indicating a higher rebound capacity. Low loss tangent indicates that most of the energy imparted to a golf ball from the club is converted to dynamic energy, i.e., launch velocity and resulting longer distance. The rigidity or compressive stiffness of a golf ball may be measured, for example, by the dynamic stiffness. A higher dynamic stiffness indicates a higher compressive stiffness. To produce golf balls having a desirable compressive stiffness, the dynamic stiffness of the crosslinked material should be less than about 50,000 N/m at −50° C. Preferably, the dynamic stiffness should be between about 10,000 and 40,000 N/m at −50° C., more preferably, the dynamic stiffness should be between about 20,000 and 30,000 N/m at −50° C.

The dynamic stiffness is similar in some ways to dynamic modulus. Dynamic stiffness is dependent on probe geometry as described herein, whereas dynamic modulus is a unique material property, independent of geometry. The dynamic stiffness measurement has the unique attribute of enabling quantitative measurement of dynamic modulus and exact measurement of loss tangent at discrete points within a sample article. In the case of this invention, the article is a golf ball core. The golf ball material preferably has a loss tangent below about 0.1 at −50° C., and more preferably below about 0.07 at −50° C.

The resultant golf balls typically have a coefficient of restitution of about 0.7 or more. In another embodiment, the ball has a COR of about 0.75 or more, and more preferably is about 0.78 or more. In another embodiment, the golf ball has a CoR from about 0.7 to about 0.815. In yet another embodiment, the ball has a CoR of about 0.79 or more, and more preferably is about 0.8 or more. Additionally, in each of these embodiments it is also preferred that the COR of the ball is less than about 0.819. Alternatively, the maximum COR of the ball is one that does not cause the golf ball to exceed initial velocity requirements established by regulating entities such as the USPGA.

The golf balls also typically have an Atti compression (which has been referred to as PGA compression in the past) of at least about 40, preferably from about 50 to 120, and more preferably from about 60 to 100. As used herein, the term “Atti compression” is defined as the deflection of an object or material relative to the deflection of a calibrated spring, as measured with an Atti Compression Gauge, that is commercially available from Atti Engineering Corp. of Union City, N.J. Atti compression is typically used to measure the compression of a golf ball and/or a golf ball core. Compression values are dependent on the diameter of the article being measured. The golf ball polybutadiene material typically has a flexural modulus of from about 500 psi to 300,000 psi, preferably from about 2000 to 200,000 psi. The golf ball polybutadiene material typically has a hardness of at least about 15 Shore A, preferably between about 30 Shore A and 80 Shore D, more preferably between about 50 Shore A and 60 Shore D. The specific gravity is typically greater than about 0.7, preferably greater than about 1, for the golf ball polybutadiene material. The dynamic shear storage modulus, or storage modulus, of the golf ball polybutadiene material at about 23° C. is typically at least about 10,000 dyn/cm², preferably from about 10⁴-10¹⁰ dyn/cm², more preferably from about 10⁶ to 10¹⁰ dyn/cm².

Compression values are dependent on the diameter of the component being measured. The Atti compression of the core, or portion of the core, of golf balls prepared according to the invention is preferably less than about 80, more preferably less than about 75. In another embodiment, the core compression is from about 40 to about 80, preferably from about 50 to about 70. In yet another embodiment, the core compression is preferably below about 50, and more preferably below about 25.

In an alternative, low compression embodiment, the core has a compression less than about 20, more preferably less than about 10, and most preferably, O. As known to one of ordinary skill in the art, however, the cores generated according to the present invention may be below the measurement of the Atti Compression Gauge. In an embodiment where the core is hard, the compression may be about 90 or greater. In one embodiment, the compression of the hard core ranges from about 90 to about 100.

Initial Velocity and COR

The present invention encompasses golf balls that conform and meet with USGA initial velocity requirements. There is currently no USGA limit on the COR of a golf ball, but the initial velocity of the golf ball cannot exceed the current USGA limit of 250±5 feet/second (ft/s). Thus, in one embodiment, the initial velocity is about 245 ft/s or greater and about 255 ft/s or less. In another embodiment, the initial velocity is about 250 ft/s or greater. In another embodiment, the initial velocity is about 253 ft/s to about 254 ft/s. While the current rules on initial velocity require that golf ball manufacturers stay within the limit, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the golf ball of the invention would readily convert into a golf ball with initial velocity outside of this range. For golf balls intended for use as practice balls, the initial velocity may be below 250 ft/s, and even below 240 ft/s.

As a result, of the initial velocity limitation set forth by the USGA, the goal is to maximize COR without violating the 255 ft/s limit. In a one-piece solid golf ball, the COR will depend on a variety of characteristics of the ball, including its composition and hardness. For a given composition, COR will generally increase as hardness is increased. In a two-piece solid golf ball, e.g., a core and a cover, one of the purposes of the cover is to produce a gain in COR over that of the core. When the contribution of the core to high COR is substantial, a lesser contribution is required from the cover. Similarly, when the cover contributes substantially to high COR of the ball, a lesser contribution is needed from the core.

The present invention encompasses golf balls that have a COR from about 0.7 to about 0.85. In one embodiment, the COR is about 0.75 or greater, preferably about 0.78 or greater. In another embodiment, the ball has a COR of about 0.8 or greater.

In addition, the inner ball preferably has a COR of about 0.780 or more. In one embodiment, the COR is about 0.790 or greater.

Flexural Modulus

Accordingly, it is preferable that the golf balls of the present invention have an intermediate layer with a flexural modulus of about 500 psi to about 500,000 psi. More preferably, the flexural modulus of the intermediate layer is about 1,000 psi to about 250,000 psi. Most preferably, the flexural modulus of the intermediate layer is about 2,000 psi to about 200,000 psi.

The flexural modulus of the cover on the golf balls, as measured by ASTM method D-6272-98, is typically greater than about 500 psi, and is preferably from about 500 psi to about 150,000 psi. The flexural moduli of the cover layer is preferably about 2,000 psi or greater, and more preferably about 5,000 psi or greater. In one embodiment, the flexural moduli of the cover is from about 10,000 psi to about 150,000 psi, more preferably from about 15,000 psi to about 120,000 psi, and most preferably from about 18,000 psi to about 110,000 psi. In another embodiment, the flexural moduli of the cover layer is about 100,000 psi or less, preferably about 80,000 or less, and more preferably about 70,000 psi or less. In one embodiment, when the cover layer has a hardness of about 50 Shore D to about 60 Shore D, the cover layer preferably has a flexural modulus of about 55,000 psi to about 65,000 psi.

In one embodiment, the ratio of the flexural modulus of the intermediate layer to the cover layer is about 0.003 to about 50. In another embodiment, the ratio of the flexural modulus of the intermediate layer to the cover layer is about 0.006 to about 4.5. In yet another embodiment, the ratio of the flexural modulus of the intermediate layer to the cover layer is about 0.11 to about 4.5.

In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used in a golf ball with multiple cover layers having essentially the same hardness, but differences in flexural moduli. In this aspect of the invention, the difference between the flexural moduli of the two cover layers is preferably about 5,000 psi or less. In another embodiment, the difference in flexural moduli is about 500 psi or greater. In yet another embodiment, the difference in the flexural moduli between the two cover layers, wherein at least one is reinforced is about 500 psi to about 10,000 psi, preferably from about 500 psi to about 5,000 psi. In one embodiment, the difference in flexural moduli between the two cover layers formed of unreinforced or unmodified materials is about 1,000 psi to about 2,500 psi.

Specific Gravity and Shear/Cut Resistance

The specific gravity of a cover or intermediate layer including the compositions of the invention is preferably at least about 0.7. In another embodiment, the specific gravity of a cover or intermediate layer including the compositions of the invention is at least about 0.6. In yet another embodiment, the specific gravity of the cover or intermediate layer is at last about 1.0, preferably at least about 0.9 and more preferably at least about 0.8.

The specific gravity of a core including the compositions of the invention is greater than 1.5, more preferably greater than 1.8 and more preferably greater than 2.0. In another embodiment, the specific gravity of the fore including the compositions of the invention is greater than 2.5, and can be as high as 5.0 and 10.0.

The cut resistance of a golf ball cover may be determined using a shear test having a scale from 1 to 9 assessing damage and appearance. The scale for this shear test is known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the damage rank is preferably about 3 or less, more preferably about 2 or less. In another embodiment, the damage rank is about 1 or less. The appearance rank of a golf ball of the invention is preferably about 3 or less. In one embodiment, the appearance rank is about 2 or less, preferably about 1 or less.

Ball Spin

A spin rate of a golf ball refers to the speed it spins on an axis while in flight, measured in revolutions per minute (“rpm”). Spin generates lift, and accordingly, spin rate directly influences how high the ball flies and how quickly it stops after landing. The golf balls disclosed herein can be tested to determine spin rate by initially establishing test conditions using suitable control golf balls and golf clubs. For example, a spin rate of a golf ball struck by a standard golf driver was obtained by using test conditions for a Titleist Pinnacle Gold golf ball that gives a ball speed of about 159 to about 161 miles/hour, a launch angle of about 9.0 degrees to about 10.0 degrees, and a spin rate of about 2900 rpm to about 3100 rpm. Thus in one embodiment, the spin rate of a golf ball hit with a golf club driver under the same test conditions is between about 1200 rpm to about 4000 rpm. In a preferred embodiment, the spin rate of a golf ball hit with a golf club driver is between about 2000 rpm to about 3500 rpm, more preferably between about 2500 and 3000 rpm.

For an 8-iron ball spin test, a spin rate of a golf ball struck by a standard 8-iron club was obtained by using test conditions for a Titleist Pro VI golf ball that gives a ball speed of about 114 to about 116 miles/hour, a launch angle of about 18.5 to about 19.5 degrees and a spin rate of about 8100 rpm to about 8300 rpm. Thus in one embodiment, the spin rate of an average, cleanly struck 8-iron shot is between 6500 rpm and 10,000 rpm. In preferred embodiment, the spin rate of an average, cleanly struck 8-iron shot under the same test conditions is between 7500 rpm and 9500 rpm, more preferably between about 8000 rpm and 9000 rpm.

Other than in the operating examples, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all of the numerical ranges, amounts, values and percentages such as those for amounts of materials, times and temperatures of reaction, ratios of amounts, values for molecular weight (whether number average molecular weight (“Mn”) or weight average molecular weight (“Mw”), and others in the following portion of the specification may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” even though the term “about” may not expressly appear with the value, amount or range. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Furthermore, when numerical ranges of varying scope are set forth herein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values inclusive of the recited values may be used.

While it is apparent that the invention disclosed herein is well calculated to fulfill the objects stated above, it will be appreciated that numerous modifications and embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art. For example, while golf balls and golf ball components are used as examples for articles incorporating the compositions of the invention, other golf equipment is contemplated, such as portions of golf shoes and portions of golf clubs. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and embodiments that fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. 

1. A method of forming a golf ball component comprising the steps of: providing a silane-grafted polyolefin; forming the golf ball component comprising the silane-grafted polyolefin; contacting the silane-grafted polyolefin with moisture and a crosslinking catalyst to form a silane-crosslinked polyolefin.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin is formed by: contacting one or more polyolefins or one or more polyolefins polymerized using a metallocene catalyst; at least one silane having at least one hydrolysable moiety and at least one vinyl group; and free radical initiator; or contacting at least one C₁-C₁₂ monomer of a polyolefin, a silane having at least one hydrolysable moiety and at least one vinyl group, and optionally a metallocene catalyst or free radical source.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the silane has a formula of:

wherein X is a hydrolysable group, and n is 0-24; wherein R′ is a vinyl group represented by the formula:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group and a halo group; and wherein the substituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group and the substituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group is substituted with at least one C₁-C₆ alkyl group, halo group, amine, CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy group, or trihalomethane group.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, and alkenyloxy.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the free radical initiator is selected from the group consisting of di-tert-amyl peroxide, di(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene peroxide or α,α-bis (tert-butylperoxy) diisopropylbenzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl hexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, lauryl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and a mixture thereof, wherein the free radical source is present from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane; and wherein the polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, metallocene polyethylene, a metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin, and mixtures thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the golf ball component is a core layer, an intermediate layer, or a cover layer.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one C₁-C₁₂ olefin monomer unit is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, isopentene, neopentene, hexene, heptene, octene, norbornene, monomers of acid copolymers that do not become part of an ionomeric copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinking catalyst is a tin catalyst, wherein the tin catalyst selected from the group consisting of an alkyltin oxide, a tin carboxylate, an alkyltin carboxylate, and mixtures thereof and wherein the crosslinking catalyst is present in amounts from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane-grafted polyolefin.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one silane-grafted polyolefin is contacted with moisture at from about 30% to 100% relative humidity and at a temperature between about 20° C. to about 100° C. for a time sufficient to substantially complete the crosslinking between the silane-grafted polyolefins.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the relative humidity is between about 50% to about 80%.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the time is between about 30 minutes to about 24 hours.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the golf ball component is formed by injection molding or compression molding.
 13. A method of forming a golf ball component comprising the steps of: contacting a silane, a polyolefin, a free radical initiator, and a crosslinking catalyst in the presence of moisture to form a reaction mixture; and forming the golf ball component comprising the reaction mixture.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reaction mixture forms at least one silane-grafted polyolefin that is crosslinked.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one silane has a formula of:

wherein X is a hydrolysable group, and n is 0-24; wherein R′ is a vinyl group is represented by the formula:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group and a halo group; and wherein the substituted linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl group and the substituted C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group is substituted with at least one C₁-C₆ alkyl group, halo group, amine, CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy group, or trihalomethane group.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, hydrogen, ketoximate group, amido group, aminooxy, mercapto, and alkenyloxy.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one free radical initiator is selected from the group consisting of di-tert-amyl peroxide, di(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene peroxide or α,α-bis (tert-butylperoxy) diisopropylbenzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane or 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl hexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, lauryl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and a mixture thereof, wherein the free radical source is present from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the silane; and wherein the at least one polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, metallocene polyethylene, a metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin, and mixtures thereof.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the golf ball component is a core layer, an intermediate layer, or a cover layer.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the crosslinking catalyst is a tin catalyst, a platinum catalyst, and wherein the crosslinking catalyst is present in an amount from about 0.1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the reaction mixture.
 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the moisture is from about 30% to 100% relative humidity and at a temperature between about 20° C. to about 100° C. for a time sufficient to substantially complete crosslinking of the reaction mixture.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the relative humidity is between about 50% to about 80% and the time is between about 30 minutes to about 24 hours.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the golf ball component is formed by injection molding or compression molding. 